Upper Atmosphere - basics
Topic outline
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ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE PUBLISHED FOR EVERYBODY ROUND THE EARTH
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Understanding and observation of the mid atmosphere
The region of the atmosphere above the tropopause is called the stratosphere. In this unit, we look at how the stratosphere differs from the troposphere. We also investigate why there are other distinct layers in the atmosphere and how these layers are defined.
We look at how the physical and meteorological parameters of the atmosphere change with altitude and investigate how the chemical composition changes with height. We also look at how modern measuring techniques, using satellites and lasers, have been used to provide us with this infomation.
1.LIDAR in Davis / Antarctica with aurora in the background.
Photo: David Correll - Australian Antarctic -
Ozone and the formation of the ozone hole
Ozone is one of the most interesting trace gases in our atmosphere. In the stratosphere it protects us from harmful ultra-violet radiation from the Sun. In the troposphere, the layer of the atmosphere closest to Earth, high concentrations of ozone are, however, a problem. Ozone is harmful to humans, it irritates our throats and lungs and makes it difficult to breathe.
One of the most important scientific findings at the end of the last century was the discovery of the ozone hole over Antarctica. In this unit we will look at how this ozone hole formed and what measures have been taken so far to close it (and we will try and do this without using too much chemistry!).
The discovery of the hole
Since the 1970's, measurements of stratospheric ozone have been made in Antarctica. These measurements show that the ozone concentration has fallen over time. There are many stories surrounding the discovery of the ozone hole.
The first measurements of really low ozone levels were made over Antarctica in 1985. The levels were so low that the scientists who made them thought they weren't true, and that their instruments were faulty. It wasn't until later, when new instruments were used, that these low values were found to be true.
At the same time, ozone levels were being made from space aboard a satellite using an instrument called TOMS (Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer). This instrument also didn't pick up the low ozone values because values recorded below an certain value were assumed to be errors. It was only later, when the raw data was reprocessed, that the results confirmed what nobody wanted to believe.
Very intensive research then began and former warnings about the potential harmful impact of chlorofluorocarbons (CFC's) on ozone levels were rediscovered. As a result, CFC's were banned as part of the Montreal Protocol. Discovery of the ozone hole showed that we humans are capable of altering climate globally. It also proved that rapid world-wide action can be taken to slow down climate change.
On the trail of the missing ozone ...
© US Environmental Protection AgencyAbout this page:
author: Dr. Elmar Uherek - Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
scientific reviewer: Dr. John Cowley - Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz - 2004-05-096
educational reviewing: Hendrik Forster and students, Nordpfalz Gymnasium, Kirchheim-Bolanden, Germany - March 2004
last published: 2004-05-10